ウイルス学と真菌学
オープンアクセス
ISSN: 2161-0517
ISSN: 2161-0517
Aviv Dombrovsky
In the ongoing decade, another flare-up of old and new Tobamovirus happened around the world. The malady brought about by the cucumber green mottle mosaic infection (CGMMV) in cucurbits melon watermelon and cucumber was accounted for in Israel, North-Europe, Canada, USA, Australia and the Far-east. As of late, the Tobamovirus tomato mottle mosaic infection (ToMMV) was found in tomato developed in Central America. In the Middle East; in Jordan and Israel, another Tobamovirus confine taints tomato plants harboring Tm-22 obstruction qualities putatively named tomato earthy colored rugose natural product infection (TBRFV). The study of disease transmission and procedures for the Tobamovirus the executives were considered and created in our national activity venture for CGMMV facilitated by our lab. Producers in largescale fields embraced the result of this broad investigation. The involvement in CGMMV the board was quickly applied additionally for the new Tobamovirus ailment the board in tomatoes developed trellised in secured structures (nurseries, stroll in burrows, and so on.).
In the ongoing years, there has been a developing concern in regards to infection harms and misfortunes happening in vegetable harvest creation. Plant infections comprise the major causal factor for the illnesses. Tomato plants, having a place with the Solanaceae family, and cucumber, melon, and watermelon plants, having a place with the Cucurbitaceae family, have indicated the most extreme malady side effects. These side effects are basically ascribed to diseases by infections having a place with the Tobamovirus variety, in the Virgaviridae family. The common course of tobamovirus contamination is by means of mechanical plant controls. The tobamoviruses are exceptionally steady and kept irresistible in soil containing covered infection sullied plants, on different farming office apparatus surfaces, in seeds, and after clinging to helpful pollinator body parts. Two tobamovirus species that conspicuously affected vegetable yield creation in different nations and caused serious illness manifestations in have plants are the Tomato earthy colored rugose natural product infection (ToBRFV) that tainted solanaceous plants and Cucumber green mottle mosaic infection (CGMMV) that contaminated cucurbitaceous plants. A significant methodology to lessen viral contamination of developed harvests is to rehearse cleanliness during planting and to separate the planting techniques between laborers. The utilization of proper synthetics for cleansing of trellising ropes, planting plate in nurseries, and the different rural instruments, before planting, is enthusiastically suggested. Significantly, the uses of exceptionally delicate techniques to uncover infection tainted seeds increment the likelihood to plant infection free seeds. The different moves presently accessible for tobamoviral ailment the board and future methodologies to lighten tobamoviral contaminations are talked about beneath.
Infections having a place with the Tobamovirus family are sure sense single-abandoned RNA infections that contaminate a wide scope of plant species. Tobacco mosaic infection (TMV), first depicted by Mayer in 1886, is the model of this variety, in the Virgaviridae family. Tobamoviruses taint vegetable harvests generally solanaceous and cucurbitaceous plants, decorative plants, weeds, and therapeutic plants. In the ongoing years, the spread of tobamoviruses that contaminate two significant developed vegetable harvests, the solanaceous and cucurbitaceous plants, has expanded. The Tomato mottle mosaic infection (ToMMV) that tainted tomato plants (Solanum lycopersicum) had spread in America and Spain. In the Middle East, ToBRFV had broken the profoundly strong obstruction giving allele Tm-22 that was introgressed into Lycopersicon esculentum from L. peruvianum. Phylogenetic tree investigation indicated that ToBRFV and ToMMV were bunched in discrete clades. ToBRFV disease of tomato plants has as of late happened in Mexico, Germany, and the USA. An overall contamination of the cucurbitaceous plants has happened because of the spread of the tobamovirus CGMMV, first detailed by Ainsworth in 1935. Barring not many reports on CGMMV-safe plants, business cultivars impervious to CGMMV are scant.
The genome association of the tobamoviruses ToBRFV and CGMMV looks like as a rule that of TMV. The infection single-abandoned RNA genome encodes four known proteins: short (126 or 129 kDa) and long (183 or 186 kDa) replicase-related proteins. The long part is the result of a translational read-through of an end codon of the short segment. Moreover, a development protein (MP) of ~30 kDa and a coat protein (CP) of ~17 kDa are interpreted from sub-genomic RNA. A putative fifth 54 kDa protein dwells between the two replicase-related proteins. As of late, in Solanaceae-tainting tobamoviruses, a 6th protein of 4–5 kDa has been distinguished, which is encoded by a locale in the genome covering the open understanding casings (ORFs) of the MP and the CP.
ToBRFV contamination of solanaceous plants instigated pathogenic fundamental indications of narrowing leaves and yellow and earthy colored spotted organic products. CGMMV disease of cucurbitaceous plants brought about foundational mottle mosaic leaves and natural products just as yellowing organic product substance joined with necrotic peduncles. Expanded seriousness of the indications could happen because of an assortment of blended diseases. For instance, the solanaceous tomato plants contaminated by both ToBRFV and the bottomless tospovirus Tomato spotted wither infection (TSWV) indicated extreme organic product corruption, and the cucurbitaceous cucumber plants tainted by both CGMMV and the Pythium species P. spinosum indicated plant shrinking and breakdown.