医療倫理の進歩
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概要

Stem cells and iPS cells: Far and beyond in surgical science

Ahmad Faried

Abstract

Introduction: Regarding embryonic stem cells (ESCs), in addition to its potential in cell regeneration, is still much debate as well as the rejection of the use of these types of stem cells related the issue of ethics and morals on how to create it (read: sacrifice the embryo). Nuclear transfer is the only way to create ESCs from adult cells (adult stem cells, ASCs). This technique is done by inserting the adult cell nucleus into the egg cell (ovum) whose nuclei had been removed previously. The egg will then reprogram adult cell nuclei into ESCs. This technique is referred to as therapeutic cloning if done in humans, but no one has ever managed to successfully do it. We have recently been amazed by the discovery of RNA interference (RNAi), which unveils new sheets in biomolecular science and its application in surgical sciences, particularly in the modification of the treatment of incurable. Presumably, we must again be amazed at the latest findings in the biomolecular field transformation of skin cells into cells that resemble and function as stem cells, induced pluripotent stem-cells, known as iPS cells.

 

Background: The discovery of iPS was first introduced by Professor Yamanaka of Kyoto Univ., Japan in 2006. Only by including only four types of genes that can reprogram mature cell (read: adult skin cells) to ESCs. iPS cells are very like the ECS; well as morphology, growth ability, cell surface antigens, gene expression, epigenetic status typical and its telomerase activity. If this technique can be applied to humans, it will be easier to perform compared to the nuclear transfer technique. Furthermore, this technique is inexpensive and does not invite controversy since it does not sacrifice the egg. Long debate about ethical and moral issues about how to create ESCs will fade with the technique of making iPSs. As the reward, this iPS received a Nobel prize in medicine, six years since the invention, which is the fastest Nobel prize in medicine given since it published. A zygote, which is the most punctual formative phase of embryogenesis, changes into a morula and afterward a blastocyst through mitotic cell division before implantation. The inward cell mass (ICM), which is a part of the blastocysts, develops into an epiblast of the post-implantation incipient organism, and afterward focuses on one of the three germ layers: the endoderm, mesoderm or ectoderm. As it were, the ICM can separate into the entirety of the cell types in the human body. This profoundly particular capacity is alluded to as pluripotency. Pluripotency was first acquainted with the way of life dish as undeveloped immature microorganisms (ESCs). ESCs have made an incredible commitment to formative science through the age of hereditarily built mice.

 

Method:- The mix of bone morphogenic protein and leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF) causes mouse innocent pluripotent foundational microorganisms to self-restore, however into a heterogeneous populace. The ground condition of mouse guileless pluripotency, which is characterized as a principal proliferative state with no epigenetic limitation and insignificant necessities of outward signals, can be accomplished utilizing compound inhibitors for mitogen-actuated protein kinase (MEK) and glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3. It makes pluripotent foundational microorganism populaces homogeneous and takes into account the age of germline skillful ESCs got from non-tolerant mouse strains, for example, non-stout diabetic mice. In this way, the ground state supports cell qualities gained from hereditary foundations that make an impressive distinction in outward boosts responsiveness. It has since been exhibited that another way to deal with producing a homogenous populace is the persistent passaging of mouse iPSCs, which annuls transcriptional, epigenetic and utilitarian contrasts

 

Results: Towards the useful utilization of human ESCs/iPSCs for clinical and modern application, a huge scope suspension cell culture framework for human ESCs/iPSCs has been proposed rather than the ordinary follower cell culture framework [35,99–101]. To accomplish scaling-up, formally dressed quality and ease, three-dimensional culture gadgets have been grown, for example, a spinner cup with dynamic mixing framework. These proficient assembling advancements ought to advance the broad utilization of pluripotent cells in future. The vast majority of the coordinated separation techniques from ESCs/iPSCs were built up models for in vivo separation from the undeveloped organism. The capacity of pluripotent immature microorganisms to restate the formative procedure in vitro makes PSCs valuable in the investigation of formative science. The less intrusive age of iPSCs from substantial cells of uncommon creatures confronting termination permits us to get to their formative procedures. Up to this point, iPSCs have been produced from, for instance, a northern white rhino, drill monkey, snow panthe, trained pony and grassland vole. Such iPSCs from different bioresources ought to encourage the comprehension of species-explicit sub-atomic science. The data yielded from such examination can be utilized for the preservation of imperiled creatures, in the mechanical utilization of atoms from significant bioresources and in the investigation of species detail.

 

 

Biography: Ahmad Faried currently works as a staff at Department of Neurosurgery and Stem Cell Working Group, Faculty of Medicine, Universitas Padjadjaran-Dr. Hasan Sadikin Hospital, Bandung, West Java, Indonesia. He has completed his PhD in Gunma University, Medicine, Japan under supervision of Prof. Hiroyuki Kuwano and Dr. Hiroyuki Kato; received his Postdoctoral grant from JSPS at the same university and continuing his Clinical Fellow in Neurosurgery at The University of Tokyo, Japan under supervision of Prof. Nobuhito Saito. He is a Neurosurgeon with Cell Biology as his back ground. He has a great deal of interest in neuroscience research such as brain microvessel endothelia cells, placental stem cells, neural stem cells, iPSCs, cancer stem cells, neurosurgery, bio-medic engineering especially instrumentation, medical information communication and technology (medical ICT) as well as medical services using cloud computing system.